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Cya stattya mistit perelik posilan ale pohodzhennya tverdzhen u nij zalishayetsya nezrozumilim cherez praktichno povnu vidsutnist vnutrishnotekstovih dzherel vinosok Bud laska dopomozhit polipshiti cyu stattyu peretvorivshi dzherela z pereliku posilan na dzherela vinoski u samomu teksti statti Jorzh zvichajnijJorzh zvichajnij Gymnocephalus cernua Ohoronnij statusNajmenshij rizik MSOP 3 1 Biologichna klasifikaciyaDomen Yaderni Eukaryota Carstvo Tvarini Animalia Pidcarstvo Spravzhni bagatoklitinni Eumetazoa Tip Hordovi Chordata Pidtip Cherepni Craniata Nadklas Shelepni Gnathostomata Klas Promeneperi Actinopterygii Pidklas Novoperi Neopterygii Infraklas Kostisti ribi Teleostei Ryad Okunepodibni Perciformes Pidryad Okunevidni Percoidei Rodina Okunevi Percidae Rid Jorzh Gymnocephalus Vid Jorzh zvichajnijBinomialna nazvaGymnocephalus cernua Linnaeus 1758 Poshirennya jorzha zvichajnogo v YevraziyiPosilannyaVikishovishe Gymnocephalus cernuusVikividi Gymnocephalus cernuusEOL 203972ITIS 168520MSOP 9568NCBI 57865Jorzh zvichajnij Gymnocephalus cernua nevelika riba z rodini okunevih tipovij vid rodu Jorzh Zmist 1 Rozpovsyudzhennya 2 Zovnishnya budova 3 Genetika 4 Sposib zhittya 5 Rozmnozhennya 6 Zhittyevij cikl 7 Div takozh 8 DzherelaRozpovsyudzhennya red Jorzh zvichajnij ye najbilsh shiroko rozpovsyudzhenim z p yati vidiv jorzhiv jogo prirodnij areal vklyuchaye pivnichnu ta shidnu chastinu Franciyi shidnu chastinu Angliyi richki basejnu Baltijskogo morya centralnu ta shidnu Yevropu ta pivnichnu Aziyu azh do basejnu Kolimi U drugij polovini HH storichchya jorzh z yavivsya v kilkoh vodojmah Yevropi za mezhami svogo prirodnogo arealu v ozeri Loh Lomond v Shotlandiyi v ozerah Italiyi ozeri M josa Norvegiya v Kamarzi delta Roni seredzemnomorske uzberezhzhya Franciyi comu rozpovsyudzhennyu yak vvazhayut spriyalo budivnictvo kanaliv ta shiroke vikoristannya jorzha yak nazhivki u sportivnomu lovi shuki Na dodatok u seredini visimdesyatih rokiv HH storichchya jorzh buv vipadkovo introdukovanij virogidno z balastnoyu vodoyu suden do richki Sent Luyis SShA sho vpadaye do ozera Verhnye sistema Velikih Ozer Tut utvorilas stala populyaciya kotra na pochatku 90 h rokiv poshirilasya na deltovi dilyanki kilkoh inshih richok sho vpadayut v ozero Verhnye Takozh jorzha znajshli i v ozeri Guron V Ukrayini jorzh zvichajnij zustrichayetsya po vsij teritoriyi okrim Krimu Zovnishnya budova red Spina ribi siro zelena z chornimi plyamami ta krapkami boki zhovtuvati cherevo svitlo sire abo bile Spinnij ta hvostovij plavci z chornimi cyatkami Zagalom zabarvlennya ciyeyi ribi zalezhit vid navkolishnogo seredovisha jorzh svitlishij v richkah ta ozerah z pishanim dnom i temnishij u vodojmah de dno namuliste Ochi jorzha kalamutno rozhevi inodi navit z sinoyu rajduzhkoyu Zvichajna dovzhina 8 12 sm masa 15 25 g Inodi zustrichayutsya ekzemplyari dovzhinoyu bilsh nizh 20 sm ta masoyu 100 g i navit bilshe Veliki ekzemplyari jorzha vidomi z basejnu Obi Obskoyi gubi ta deyakih uralskih ozer Doslidniki vidilyayut dekilka morfotipiv jorzha Zokrema na riznih dilyankah Dnipra isnuyut populyaciyi hudogo ta visokotilogo jorzha Stijki rozbizhnosti budovi tila sposterigayutsya takozh mizh priberezhnimi ta glibokovodnimi populyaciyami jorzha u velikih vodojmah napriklad u dniprovskih vodoshovishah Dlya takih populyacij harakterni rozbizhnosti v chisli promeniv ta kolyuchok v spinnomu plavci chisli lusok nad ta pid bichnoyu liniyeyu chisli kolyuchok na zyabrovih plastinah hrebciv v hrebti ta u vidnosnij velichini golovi rilcya ochej ta plavciv Na dodatok do riznih morfotipiv v Yevraziyi isnuye takozh i geografichnij gradiyent anatomichnoyi budovi jorzhiv vid menshih znachen na zahodi arealu Yevropa do bilshih znachen na shodi Sibir v nastupnih anatomichnih detalyah maksimalna ta minimalna visota tila predorsalna ta preanalna vidstan visota pershogo spinnogo plavcya dovzhina ta visota analnogo plavcya ta dovzhina cherevnih plavciv Statevij dimorfizm u jorzhiv ne duzhe pomitnij ale viyavlyayetsya v kilkoh anatomichnih harakteristikah visota tila dovzhina verhnoyi polovini hvostovogo plavcya dovzhina grudnih plavciv ta velichina oka vse ce bilshe u samciv anizh u samok Genetika red Jorzh zvichajnij maye 2n 48 hromosom i mozhe gibridizuvatis z okunem zvichajnim ta jorzhem dunajskim Pri gibridizaciyi jorzha zvichajnogo iz okunem zvichajnim gibridi mayut promizhni risi budovi batkivskih form ale zvichajno za zovnishnim viglyadom blizhchi do materinskogo vidu anizh do batkivskogo Taki gibridi rostut shvidshe za jorzha ta okunya ta ye bilsh pristosovanimi do nespriyatlivih znachen temperaturi zabrudnennya vodi krashe perenosyat goloduvannya Pri comu gibridi cholovichoyi stati ye sterilnimi ne mozhut davati nashadkiv a gibridi zhinochoyi stati mozhut davati potomstvo z cholovichimi osobinami yak jorzha tak i okunya Gibridi jorzha zvichajnogo ta jorzha dunajskogo takozh mayut zabarvlennya ta harakteristiki skeletu sho ye promizhnimi vidnosno batkivskih vidiv ale shodo yihnogo rozmnozhennya dostovirnih vidomostej narazi nemaye nbsp Rozpovsyudzhennya jorzha zvichajnogo v Pivnichnij AmericiSposib zhittya red Jorzh ye duzhe nevibaglivim zazvichaj zgrajnim vidom i dobre pochuvaye sebe v shirokomu spektri umov navkolishnogo seredovisha Jogo mozhna znajti yak v prisnih tak i v solonuvatovodnih vodojmah z pokaznikom solonosti do 10 12 v sistemah ozernogo ta protochnogo tipu na glibinah vid 0 25 do 85 metriv na rivni morya ta v girskih arealah ta vid oligotrofnih do evtrofnih vod kritichni znachennya temperaturi vodi dlya vizhivannya jorzha ce 0 2 S ta 34 5 C Ale nezvazhayuchi na takij shirokij spektr prijnyatnih umov zagalom mozhut buti vidileni tri osnovni risi misc pomeshkannya cogo vidu Idealnimi umovami dlya ciyeyi ribi ye tihoplinni vodojmi z m yakim dnom ne vkritim vodyanoyu roslinnistyu zvichajno shilnist populyaciyi jorzha zrostaye razom zi zrostannyam pokaznika evtrofikaciyi M yakodonni dilyanki ye privablivishimi dlya jorzha z oglyadu na te sho perevazhna bilshist ob yektiv jogo harchuvannya voditsya same v takih miscyah a takozh tomu sho taki dilyanki zazvichaj asocijovani z vidnosno glibokimi ta zatinenimi chastinami vodojm tak yak vsi vidi rodu Jorzh mayut fiziologichni adaptaciyi sho spriyayut pristosuvannyu do zhittya v umovah maloyi kilkosti svitla Na vidminu vid reshti predstavnikiv rodini Okunevih shilnist populyacij yakih ye maksimalnoyu pri serednih pokaznikah evtrofikaciyi vodojmi v mezevtrofnih umovah jorzh dosyagaye maksimumu chiselnosti v evtrofnih ta giperevtrofnih umovah chiselnist jorzha zrostaye pri nadhodzhenni mineralnih ta organichnih dobriv antropogennogo pohodzhennya azh do takih yihnih znachen kotrih majzhe niyaki inshi vidi rib ne vitrimuyut Dlya poyasnennya pozitivnoyi korelyaciyi mizh rivnem evtrofikaciyi vodojmi ta chiselnistyu jorzha isnuyut chotiri osnovni gipotezi 1 Zhivlennya jorzha prohodit bilsh efektivno v umovah slabkogo osvitlennya yaki pritamanni situaciyi spalahu chiselnosti vodorostej sho provokovanij evtrofikaciyeyu vodojmi 2 Kilkist ta riznomanittya bentosnih organizmiv sho ye osnovnoyu harchovoyu bazoyu jorzha mozhut pidvishuvatis osoblivo sho stosuyetsya dribnih vidiv u vidpovid do pidvishennya nadhodzhennya organichnih rechovin z sedimentami kilkist yakih zrostaye pri evtrofikaciyi 3 Pidvishennya bioproduktivnosti vodojmi na pochatku procesu evtrofikaciyi mozhe zmenshuvati navantazhennya hizhakiv na populyaciyu jorzha za rahunok chastkovogo pereoriyentuvannya yih na inshi vidi a pri dosyagnenni giperevtrofnih umov zavdyaki zmenshennyu populyaciyi hizhakiv sprichinenomu toksichnim vplivom evtrofikuyuchih rechovin 4 I nareshti jorzh mozhe fiziologichno buti pristosovanim do giperevtrofnih umov krashe za inshi vidi Rozmnozhennya red nbsp Jorzh zvichajnijStatevoyi zrilosti jorzh zvichajno dosyagaye u vici 2 3 roki pri rozmirah tila blizko 11 12 santimetriv v deyakih vodojmah jorzhi mozhut pochinati rozmnozhuvatis i u vici odnogo roku sho doslidniki poyasnyuyut vplivom teplishoyi v serednomu vodi abo visokim rivnem zagibeli na rannih stadiyah zhittya v danij populyaciyi Ikru cej vid vidkladaye na duzhe shirokij spektr substrativ na glibini 3 metri ta menshe pri comu yiyi ne ohoronyayuchi Nerest vidbuvayetsya z seredini kvitnya do chervnya u dosit shirokomu diapazoni temperatur vidomi vipadki nerestu yak pri 6 C tak i pri 18 C Interval znachen rN pri yakih ikra jorzha zdatna normalno rozvivatis ye odnim z najbilshim sered rib dlya yakih doslidzhuvavsya danij parametr i lezhit mizh znachennyami 6 5 ta 10 5 Jorzh mozhe vidkladati 2 3 kladki ikri pid chas odnogo aktu nerestu kilkist ikrinok zalezhit vid rozmiriv samici ta stanovit vid 10 do 200 tisyach shtuk Diametr ikrinok takozh korelyuye z rozmirami samici i znahoditsya v intervali 0 34 1 3 mm pri comu ikrinki pershoyi kladki zavzhdi bilshi ta zhovtishi porivnyano iz drugoyu ta tretoyu Rozvitok ikri trivaye 5 12 dib pri temperaturi vid 10 do 15 C U dekilkoh populyaciyah u jorzha reyestruvalis vipadki germafroditizmu Napriklad u Finskij zatoci Baltijskogo morya v gonadah statevih zalozah priblizno 25 vsih obstezhenih zvichajnih jorzhiv mistilis yak spermatozoyidi tak i yajceklitini pri comu 85 cih rib mali gonadi cholovichogo tipu Blizko polovini cih germafroditiv funkcionuvali yak normalni samci dlya inshoyi polovini sho funkcionuvali yak samki plodyuchist variyuvala vid normalnih znachen do povnoyi sterilnosti i lishe 2 germafroditnih rib mogli funkcionuvati popereminno i yak samci i yak samki Nayavnist velikoyi kilkosti takih interseksualnih rib tim ne menshe ne zminyuvala znachennya produktivnosti danoyi obstezhenoyi populyaciyi porivnyano z inshimi Zhittyevij cikl red nbsp Jorzh zvichajnij v richci Pyarnu Estoniya U bilshosti vipadkiv doslidniki viznachayut vik jorzha za kilkistyu kil narostannya na luskah takozh inodi yak vikovij indikator vikoristovuyetsya kilkist shariv v otolitah Samki jorzha mozhut dosyagati yak maksimum viku v 11 rokiv ale samici zagalom ne perezhivayut semirichnogo viku pri comu v prirodnih populyaciyah do 93 skladayut ribi vikom 1 3 roki Na pochatku zhittya malki jorzha zhivlyatsya perevazhno kolovertkami ta lichinkami kopepod dlya jorzhiv dovzhinoyu bilsh nizh 1 sm osnovnim harchovim resursom stayut ciklopi lichinki hironomid ta gilchastovusi rachki Najbilsh spozhivanimi rodami hironomid ye Chironomus osoblivo vid Chironomus plumosus ta Procladius Z chasom po miri zrostannya dolya hironomid v racioni jorzha zmenshuyetsya Osnovnim trofichnim resursom doroslogo jorzha ye riznomanitni v osnovnomu bentosni chervi dribni rakopodibni ta p yavki Jorzhi sho buli vidlovleni v solonuvatovodnih vodojmah abo na velikih glibinah 30 metriv ta bilshe takozh viyavilis aktivnimi spozhivachami makroskopichnih rakopodibnih takih yak Pallasea quadrispinosa Pontoporeia affinis Mysis relicta Neomysis integer Diaporeia affinis ta Gammarus spp Jorzhi aktivno zhivlyatsya protyagom vsogo roku hocha piznoyi oseni i vzimku ne v takih ob yemah yak vlitku Golovnim organom chuttya sho vikoristovuye jorzh pri poshuku zdobichi ye bokova liniya Pri comu navit zasliplenij jorzh mozhe znahoditi neruhomu zdobich oriyentuyuchis vinyatkovo zavdyaki comu organu chuttya Tim ne menshe pri harchuvanni protyagom svitloyi chastini dobi jorzh takozh aktivno vikoristovuye i zir Osnovnimi trofichnimi konkurentami jorzha v Yevropi ta Aziyi ye inshi ribi bentofagi taki yak lyash chebak velika plitka osetrovi koryushka okun vugor ta inshi Najzhorstkisha mizhvidova konkurenciya sposterigayetsya mizh jorzhem ta okunem z oglyadu na te sho nabori ob yektiv zhivlennya molodogo okunya ta jorzha majzhe povnistyu perekrivayutsya Oznakoyu togo sho u jorzha isnuye i vnutrishnovidova konkurenciya za harchovi resursi ye sposterezhennya sho pri zbilshenni shilnosti populyaciyi jorzha tempi zrostannya rib v nij znachno znizhuyutsya Prirodnimi vorogami jorzha sho mozhut v znachnih ob yemah yih poyidati ye sudak shuka velikij okun takozh u nevelikij kilkosti jorzha spozhivayut min vugor som ta lososi Zridka sposterigalis i vipadki kanibalizmu Okrim togo jorzhiv aktivno lovlyat baklani rizni vidi chapel nevelikih osobin ribalochka kreh malij ta kreh velikij Div takozh red Nosar Gymnocephalus ambriaelacus Jorzh dunajskij Jorzh smugastijDzherela red Adams C E 1991 Shift in pike Esox lucius L predation pressure following the introduction of ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus L to Loch Lomond Journal of Fish Biology 38 663 667 Adams C E and R Tippett 1991 Powan Coregonus lavaretus L ova predation by newly introduced ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus L in Loch Lomond Scotland Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 22 239 246 Ahlbert I B 1970 The organization of the cone cells in the retinae of four teleosts with different feeding habits Perca fluviatilis L Lucioperca lucioperca L Acerina cernua L and Coregonus albula L Arkiv for Zoologi 22 11 445 481 Alarotu H 1944 Untersuchungen uber die an fischen in Finnland lebenden monogenetischen trematoden Acta Zoologica Fennica 43 5 52 In German Aleksandrova A I 1974 A morphological and ecological description of the ruffe Acerina cernua of the middle reaches of the Dnieper Journal of Ichthyology 14 53 59 Ali M A and M Anctil 1968 Correlation entre la structure retinienne et l habitat chez Stizostedion vitreum vitreum et S canadense Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25 2001 2003 in French with English summary Ali M A R A Ryder and M Anctil 1977 Photoreceptors and visual pigments as related to behavioural responses and preferred habitats of perches Perca spp and pikeperches Stizostedion spp Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34 1475 1480 Anttila R 1973 Effects of sewage on the fish fauna in the Helsinki area Oikos Supplementum 15 226 229 Appelberg M 1990 Population regulation of the crayfish Astacus astacus L after liming an oligotrophic low alkaline forest lake Limnologica 20 319 327 Bagge P and L Hakkari 1982 The food and parasites of fish in some deep basins of northern 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fishes of the U S S R and adjacent countries Vol III 4th ed Acad Sci Moscow U S S R translated from Russian by Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1965 Bergman E 1987 Temperature dependent differences in foraging ability of two percids Perca fluviatilis and Gymnocephalus cernuus Environmental Biology of Fishes 19 45 53 Bergman E 1988 Foraging abilities and niche breadths of two percids Perca fluviatilis and Gymnocephalus cernua under different environmental conditions Journal of Animal Ecology 57 443 453 Bergman E 1990a Distribution and competitive abilities of perch Perca fluviatilis and ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus along environmental gradients Ph D dissertation Lund University Lund Sweden 83 p Bergman E 1990b Effects of roach Rutilus rutilus on two percids Perca fluviatilis and Gymnocephalus cernua importance of species interactions for diet shifts Oikos 57 241 249 Bergman E 1991 Changes in abundance of two percids Perca fluviatilis and Gymnocephalus cernuus along a 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