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Dokladnishe VodaFa zova diagra ma vodi grafichne vidobrazhennya rivnovazhnogo stanu faz vodi ridini vodyanoyi pari ta riznih modifikacij lodu Buduyetsya v sistemi koordinat temperatura tisk Fajl Water phase diagram gifFazova diagrama vodiFragment fazovoyi diagrami vodi Zmist 1 Elementi fazovoyi diagrami 1 1 Potrijni tochki 1 2 Kriva sublimaciyi lodu 1 3 Kriva plavlennya lodu Ih 1 4 Kriva plavlennya lodu III 1 5 Kriva plavlennya lodu V 1 6 Kriva plavlennya lodu VI 1 7 Kriva plavlennya lodu VII 1 8 Kriva nasichennya vodyanoyi pari 2 Div takozh 3 Posilannya 4 Primitki 5 LiteraturaElementi fazovoyi diagrami red Potrijni tochki red Fazi Tisk Temperatura PrimitkaMPa C K1 Par Voda Lid Ih 611 657 Pa 0 01 273 16 1 2 Par Lid Ih Lid XI 0 201 0 72 15 2 3 4 3 Voda Lid Ih Lid III 209 9 21 985 251 165 5 6 4 Lid Ih Lid II Lid III 212 9 34 7 238 45 5 6 7 5 Lid II Lid III Lid V 344 3 24 3 248 85 5 6 6 Lid II Lid VI Lid XV 800 143 130 Dlya D2O 8 7 Voda Lid III Lid V 350 1 16 986 256 164 5 6 8 Voda Lid IV Lid XII 500 600 6 267 9 9 Lid II Lid V Lid VI 620 55 218 10 10 Voda Lid V Lid VI 632 4 0 16 273 32 5 6 11 Lid VI Lid VIII Lid XV 1500 143 130 Dlya D2O 8 12 Lid VI Lid VII Lid VIII 2100 5 278 11 12 13 Voda Lid VI Lid VII 2216 81 85 355 5 6 14 Lid VII Lid VIII Lid X 62 000 173 100 13 15 Voda Lid VII Lid X 47 000 727 1000 14 15 Kriva sublimaciyi lodu red nbsp Kriva sublimaciyi lodu Linijnij masshtab po osi PKriva sublimaciyi lodu pochinayetsya v tochci 0 Pa 0 K i zakinchuyetsya v potrijnij tochci vodi 611 657 Pa 273 16 K Na cij dilyanci pri znizhenni temperaturi tisk sublimaciyi padaye eksponencialno i pri vzhe temperaturi 130 K skladaye neznachnu velichinu 10 8 Pa Z garnoyu tochnistyu tisk sublimaciyi na cij dilyanci opisuyetsya eksponentoyu P A e x p B T displaystyle P A cdot exp B T nbsp gde A 3 41 10 12 P a B 6130 K displaystyle A 3 41 cdot 10 12 mathrm Pa quad B 6130 mathrm K nbsp Pomilka ciyeyi formuli ne bilshe 1 v diapazoni temperatur 240 273 16 K i ne bilshe 2 5 diapazoni temperatur 140 240 K Bilsh tochno kriva sublimaciyi opisuyetsya formuloyu rekomendovanoyu IAPWS angl International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam Mizhnarodna asociaciya z vivchennya vlastivostej vodi i pari 16 ln P P 0 T 0 T i 1 3 a i T T 0 b i displaystyle ln frac P P 0 frac T 0 T sum i 1 3 a i left T over T 0 right b i nbsp gde P 0 611 657 P a T 0 273 16 K a 1 21 2144006 b 1 0 003333333 a 2 27 3203819 b 2 1 20666667 a 3 6 1059813 b 3 1 70333333 displaystyle begin matrix P 0 611 657 mathrm Pa amp T 0 273 16 mathrm K a 1 21 2144006 amp b 1 0 003333333 a 2 27 3203819 amp b 2 1 20666667 a 3 6 1059813 amp b 3 1 70333333 end matrix nbsp Kriva plavlennya lodu Ih red Kriva plavlennya lodu Ih tobto zvichajnogo lodu na fazovij diagrami v oblasti nizkih tiskiv ye v praktichno vertikalnu pryamu Tak pri perehodi vid potrijnoyi tochki 611 Pa do atmosfernogo tisku 101 kPa temperatura plavlennya padaye vsogo na 0 008 K z 273 16 do 273 15 K Tisk neobhidne dlya znizhennya temperaturi plavlennya na 1 K stanovit blizko 132 atm Kriva plavlennya po gorizontalnij osi zajmaye diapazon temperatur 251 165 273 16 K 21 985 0 01 C Minimalna temperatura plavlennya 21 985 S dosyagayetsya pri tisku 208 566 MPa 2058 atm Kriva plavlennya lodu Ih yedinij fazovij perehid pov yazanij zi zminoyu agregatnogo stanu vodi yakij maye zvorotnij nahil pri zbilshenni tisku temperatura plavlennya zmenshuyetsya Cya obstavina zgidno z principom le Shatelye poyasnyuyetsya tim sho lid Ih maye menshu shilnist u porivnyanni z vodoyu pri tomu zh tisku Vsi inshi modifikaciyi lodu vazhche vodi yih temperatura plavlennya pri pidvishenni tisku zbilshuyetsya Kriva plavlennya opisuyetsya formuloyu rekomendovanoyu IAPWS 16 P P 0 1 i 1 3 a i 1 T T 0 b i displaystyle frac P P 0 1 sum i 1 3 a i left 1 T over T 0 right b i nbsp gde P 0 611 657 P a T 0 273 16 K a 1 1 195 393 37 b 1 3 00 a 2 80 818 3159 b 2 25 75 a 3 3 338 2686 b 3 103 75 displaystyle begin matrix P 0 611 657 mathrm Pa amp T 0 273 16 mathrm K a 1 1 195 393 37 amp b1 3 00 a 2 80 818 3159 amp b2 25 75 a 3 3 338 2686 amp b3 103 75 end matrix nbsp Kriva plavlennya lodu III red Kriva plavlennya lodu III III pochinayetsya v tochci minimalnoyi temperaturi zatverdinnya vodi 251 165 K 208 566 MPa de zvichajnij lid peretvoryuyetsya na strukturnu modifikaciyu III i zakinchuyetsya v tochci 256 164 K 350 1 MPa de prohodit mezha faz III i V Kriva plavlennya opisuyetsya formuloyu rekomendovanoyu IAPWS 16 P P 0 1 0 299948 1 T T 0 60 displaystyle frac P P 0 1 0 299948 left 1 left T over T 0 right 60 right nbsp gde P 0 208 566 M P a T 0 251 165 K displaystyle P 0 208 566 mathrm MPa quad T 0 251 165 mathrm K nbsp Kriva plavlennya lodu V red Kriva plavlennya lodu V pochinayetsya v tochci 256 164 K 350 1 MPa na mezhi faz III i V i zakinchuyetsya v tochci 273 31 K 632 4 MPa de prohodit mezha faz V ta VI Kriva plavlennya opisuyetsya formuloyu rekomendovanoyu IAPWS 16 P P 0 1 1 18721 1 T T 0 8 displaystyle frac P P 0 1 1 18721 left 1 left T over T 0 right 8 right nbsp gde P 0 350 1 M P a T 0 256 164 K displaystyle P 0 350 1 mathrm MPa quad T 0 256 164 mathrm K nbsp Kriva plavlennya lodu VI red Kriva plavlennya lodu VI pochinayetsya v tochci 273 31 K 632 4 MPa na mezhi faz V ta VI i zakinchuyetsya v tochci 355 K 2216 MPa de prohodit mezha faz VI i VII Kriva plavlennya opisuyetsya formuloyu rekomendovanoyu IAPWS 16 P P 0 1 1 07476 1 T T 0 4 6 displaystyle frac P P 0 1 1 07476 left 1 left T over T 0 right 4 6 right nbsp gde P 0 632 4 M P a T 0 273 31 K displaystyle P 0 632 4 mathrm MPa quad T 0 273 31 mathrm K nbsp Kriva plavlennya lodu VII red Kriva plavlennya lodu VII pochinayetsya v tochci 355 K 2216 MPa na mezhi faz VI i VII i zakinchuyetsya v tochci 715 K 20 6 GPa de prohodit mezha fazi VII Kriva plavlennya opisuyetsya formuloyu rekomendovanoyu IAPWS 16 ln P P 0 i 1 3 a i 1 T T 0 b i displaystyle ln frac P P 0 sum i 1 3 a i left 1 T over T 0 right b i nbsp gde P 0 2216 M P a T 0 355 K a 1 1 73683 b 1 1 a 2 0 0544606 b 2 5 a 3 8 06106 10 8 b 3 22 displaystyle begin matrix P 0 2216 mathrm MPa amp T 0 355 mathrm K a 1 1 73683 amp b 1 1 a 2 0 0544606 amp b 2 5 a 3 8 06106 cdot 10 8 amp b 3 22 end matrix nbsp Kriva nasichennya vodyanoyi pari red Kriva nasichennya vodyanoyi pari pochinayetsya v potrijnij tochci vodi 273 16 K 611 657 Pa i zakinchuyetsya v kritichnij tochci 647 096 K 22 064 MPa Vona pokazuye temperaturu kipinnya vodi pri zaznachenomu tisku abo sho tezh same tisk nasichenoyi vodyanoyi pari pri vkazanij temperaturi U kritichnij tochci shilnist vodyanoyi pari dosyagaye shilnosti vodi i takim chinom riznicya mizh cimi agregatnimi stanami znikaye Vidpovidno do rekomendacij IAPWS liniya nasichennya predstavlyayetsya u viglyadi neyavnogo kvadratnogo rivnyannya shodo normovanoyi temperaturi 8 i normovanogo tisku b 17 b 2 8 2 n 1 b 2 8 n 2 b 2 n 3 b 8 2 n 4 b 8 n 5 b n 6 8 2 n 7 8 n 8 0 displaystyle beta 2 theta 2 n 1 beta 2 theta n 2 beta 2 n 3 beta theta 2 n 4 beta theta n 5 beta n 6 theta 2 n 7 theta n 8 0 nbsp de 8 T T 0 n 9 T T 0 n 10 T 0 1 K displaystyle theta T over T 0 frac n 9 T over T 0 n 10 quad T 0 1 mathrm K nbsp b P P 0 0 25 P 0 1 M P a displaystyle beta left frac P P 0 right 0 25 quad P 0 1 mathrm MPa nbsp n 0 1 0 displaystyle n 0 1 0 nbsp n 1 1167 0521452767 displaystyle n 1 1167 0521452767 nbsp n 2 724213 16703206 displaystyle n 2 724213 16703206 nbsp n 3 17 073846940092 displaystyle n 3 17 073846940092 nbsp n 4 12020 82470247 displaystyle n 4 12020 82470247 nbsp n 5 3232555 0322333 displaystyle n 5 3232555 0322333 nbsp n 6 14 91510861353 displaystyle n 6 14 91510861353 nbsp n 7 4823 2657361591 displaystyle n 7 4823 2657361591 nbsp n 8 405113 40542057 displaystyle n 8 405113 40542057 nbsp n 9 0 23855557567849 displaystyle n 9 0 23855557567849 nbsp n 10 650 17534844798 displaystyle n 10 650 17534844798 nbsp Dlya zadanogo absolyutnogo znachennya temperaturi T obchislyuyetsya normovane znachennya8i koeficiyenti kvadratnogo rivnyannya A 8 2 n 1 8 n 2 displaystyle A theta 2 n 1 theta n 2 nbsp B n 3 8 2 n 4 8 n 5 displaystyle B n 3 theta 2 n 4 theta n 5 nbsp C n 6 8 2 n 7 8 n 8 displaystyle C n 6 theta 2 n 7 theta n 8 nbsp pislya chogo znahoditsya znachennyab b B B 2 4 A C 2 A displaystyle beta frac B sqrt B 2 4AC 2A nbsp i absolyutne znachennya tisku P P 0 b 4 displaystyle P P 0 beta 4 nbsp Tisk nasichenoyi vodyanoyi pari kPa pri riznih temperaturah T C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 0 6112 0 6571 0 7060 0 7581 0 8135 0 8726 0 9354 1 002 1 073 1 14810 1 228 1 313 1 403 1 498 1 599 1 706 1 819 1 938 2 065 2 19820 2 339 2 488 2 645 2 811 2 986 3 170 3 364 3 568 3 783 4 00930 4 247 4 497 4 759 5 035 5 325 5 629 5 947 6 282 6 632 7 00040 7 384 7 787 8 209 8 650 9 112 9 594 10 10 10 63 11 18 11 7550 12 35 12 98 13 63 14 31 15 02 15 76 16 53 17 33 18 17 19 0460 19 95 20 89 21 87 22 88 23 94 25 04 26 18 27 37 28 60 29 8870 31 20 32 57 34 00 35 48 37 01 38 60 40 24 41 94 43 70 45 5380 47 41 49 37 51 39 53 48 55 64 57 87 60 17 62 56 65 02 67 5690 70 18 72 89 75 68 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