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Notaciya Landau poshirena matematichna notaciya dlya formalnogo zapisu asimptotichnoyi povedinki funkcij Shiroko vzhivayetsya v teoriyi skladnosti obchislen informatici ta matematici Priklad vikoristannya notaciyi O velike f x O g x displaystyle color red f x in O color blue g x bo isnuyut L gt 0 displaystyle L gt 0 napriklad L 1 displaystyle L 1 ta x 0 displaystyle x 0 napriklad x 0 5 displaystyle x 0 5 taki sho f x L g x displaystyle color red f x leqslant color blue Lg x dlya kozhnogo x x 0 displaystyle x geqslant x 0 Nazvana notaciyeyu Landau na chest nimeckogo matematika Edmunda Landau yakij populyarizuvav cyu notaciyu Zmist 1 Vidnoshennya O 1 1 Vlastivosti 2 Vidnoshennya W 2 1 Vlastivosti 3 Vidnoshennya 8 3 1 Vlastivosti 4 Vidnoshennya o 4 1 Vlastivosti 5 Vidnoshennya w 5 1 Vlastivosti 6 Vidnoshennya ekvivalentnosti funkcij 6 1 Vlastivosti 7 Prikladi 8 Vikoristannya 8 1 Deyaki vazhlivi klasi vidnoshen 9 Rozshirennya notaciyi Landau 10 Uzagalnennya dlya funkcij bagatoh zminnih 10 1 Vlastivosti 11 Div takozh 12 Literatura 13 PrimitkiVidnoshennya O RedaguvatiOznachennya dlya funkcij dijsnogo kompleksnogo argumentuCherez K displaystyle mathbb K nbsp poznachimo R displaystyle mathbb R nbsp abo C displaystyle mathbb C nbsp Nehaj A K displaystyle A subset mathbb K nbsp f g A K displaystyle f g A to mathbb K nbsp i x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp granichna tochka mnozhini A displaystyle A nbsp Cherez B x 0 d displaystyle B x 0 delta nbsp poznachimo d displaystyle delta nbsp okil tochki x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp Funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya pidporyadkovanoyu funkciyi g displaystyle g nbsp pri x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsni dodatni chisla L displaystyle L nbsp ta d displaystyle delta nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo x A B x 0 d x 0 displaystyle x in A cap B x 0 delta setminus x 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x L g x displaystyle f x leqslant L g x nbsp Dlya K R displaystyle mathbb K mathbb R nbsp funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya pidporyadkovanoyu funkciyi g displaystyle g nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsne dodatnye chislo L displaystyle L nbsp i dijsne C displaystyle C nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo x A C displaystyle x in A cap C infty nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x L g x displaystyle f x leqslant L g x nbsp Dlya K C displaystyle mathbb K mathbb C nbsp funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya pidporyadkovanoyu funkciyi g displaystyle g nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsne dodatnye chislo L displaystyle L nbsp i dijsne C displaystyle C nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo x A z C z gt C displaystyle x in A cap z in mathbb C mid z gt C nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x L g x displaystyle f x leqslant L g x nbsp Poznachennya f x O g x displaystyle f x O g x nbsp x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp abo f O g displaystyle f O g nbsp x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp Oznachennya dlya funkcij cilogo nevid yemnogo argumentuNehaj f g N 0 R displaystyle f g mathbb N cup 0 to mathbb R nbsp Funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya pidporyadkovanoyu funkciyi g displaystyle g nbsp yaksho isnuyut dodatnye dijsne chislo C displaystyle C nbsp i naturalne n 0 displaystyle n 0 nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo n n 0 displaystyle n geqslant n 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f n C g n displaystyle f n leqslant Cg n nbsp Poznachennya f n O g n displaystyle f n O g n nbsp abo f O g displaystyle f O g nbsp Takozh kazhut sho f displaystyle f nbsp zrostaye ne shvidshe nizh g displaystyle g nbsp abo g displaystyle g nbsp ye asimptotichnoyu verhnoyu ocinkoyu f displaystyle f nbsp Vlastivosti Redaguvati C f O f x x 0 displaystyle C cdot f O f x to x 0 nbsp dlya dovilnogo C K displaystyle C in mathbb K nbsp C O 1 displaystyle C O 1 nbsp dlya dovilnogo C K displaystyle C in mathbb K nbsp Yaksho lim x x 0 f x g x R displaystyle lim limits x to x 0 left frac f x g x right in mathbb R nbsp to f O g x x 0 displaystyle f O g x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f O h x x 0 displaystyle f O h x to x 0 nbsp i g O h x x 0 displaystyle g O h x to x 0 nbsp to f g O h x x 0 displaystyle f g O h x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f O g x x 0 displaystyle f O g x to x 0 nbsp to f g O g x x 0 displaystyle f g O g x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f 1 O g 1 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 O g 1 x to x 0 nbsp i f 2 O g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 2 O g 2 x to x 0 nbsp to f 1 f 2 O g 1 g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 cdot f 2 O g 1 cdot g 2 x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f 1 O g 1 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 O g 1 x to x 0 nbsp i f 2 O g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 2 O g 2 x to x 0 nbsp to f 1 f 2 O max g 1 g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 f 2 O max g 1 g 2 x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f O g x x 0 displaystyle f O g x to x 0 nbsp i g O h x x 0 displaystyle g O h x to x 0 nbsp to f O h x x 0 displaystyle f O h x to x 0 nbsp tranzitivnist Vidnoshennya W RedaguvatiOznachennya dlya funkcij dijsnogo kompleksnogo argumentuCherez K displaystyle mathbb K nbsp poznachimo R displaystyle mathbb R nbsp abo C displaystyle mathbb C nbsp Nehaj A K displaystyle A subset mathbb K nbsp f g A K displaystyle f g A to mathbb K nbsp i x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp granichna tochka mnozhini A displaystyle A nbsp Cherez B x 0 d displaystyle B x 0 delta nbsp poznachimo d displaystyle delta nbsp okil tochki x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp Kazhut sho funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp pidporyadkovuye funkciyu g displaystyle g nbsp pri x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsni dodatni chisla L displaystyle L nbsp ta d displaystyle delta nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo x A B x 0 d x 0 displaystyle x in A cap B x 0 delta setminus x 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x L g x displaystyle f x geqslant L g x nbsp Dlya K R displaystyle mathbb K mathbb R nbsp kazhut sho funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp pidporyadkovuye funkciyu g displaystyle g nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsne dodatnye chislo L displaystyle L nbsp i dijsne C displaystyle C nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo x A C displaystyle x in A cap C infty nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x L g x displaystyle f x geqslant L g x nbsp Dlya K C displaystyle mathbb K mathbb C nbsp kazhut sho funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp pidporyadkovuye funkciyu g displaystyle g nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsne dodatnye chislo L displaystyle L nbsp i dijsne C displaystyle C nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo x A z C z gt C displaystyle x in A cap z in mathbb C mid z gt C nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x L g x displaystyle f x geqslant L g x nbsp Poznachennya f x W g x displaystyle f x Omega g x nbsp x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp abo f W g displaystyle f Omega g nbsp x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp Oznachennya dlya funkcij cilogo nevid yemnogo argumentuNehaj f g N 0 R displaystyle f g mathbb N cup 0 to mathbb R nbsp Kazhut sho funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp pidporyadkovuye funkciyu g displaystyle g nbsp yaksho isnuyut dodatnye dijsne chislo C displaystyle C nbsp i naturalne n 0 displaystyle n 0 nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo n n 0 displaystyle n geqslant n 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f n C g n displaystyle f n geqslant Cg n nbsp Poznachennya f n W g n displaystyle f n Omega g n nbsp abo f W g displaystyle f Omega g nbsp Takozh kazhut sho f displaystyle f nbsp zrostaye ne povilnishe nizh g displaystyle g nbsp abo g displaystyle g nbsp ye asimptotichnoyu nizhnoyu ocinkoyu f displaystyle f nbsp Vlastivosti Redaguvati g O f x x 0 displaystyle g O f x to x 0 nbsp todi j lishe todi koli f W g x x 0 displaystyle f Omega g x to x 0 nbsp C f W f x x 0 displaystyle C cdot f Omega f x to x 0 nbsp dlya dovilnogo C K 0 displaystyle C in mathbb K setminus 0 nbsp C W 1 displaystyle C Omega 1 nbsp dlya dovilnogo C K 0 displaystyle C in mathbb K setminus 0 nbsp Yaksho lim x x 0 g x f x R displaystyle lim limits x to x 0 left frac g x f x right in mathbb R nbsp to f W g x x 0 displaystyle f Omega g x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f W h x x 0 displaystyle f Omega h x to x 0 nbsp i g W h x x 0 displaystyle g Omega h x to x 0 nbsp to f g W h x x 0 displaystyle f g Omega h x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f W g x x 0 displaystyle f Omega g x to x 0 nbsp to f g W g x x 0 displaystyle f g Omega g x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f 1 W g 1 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 Omega g 1 x to x 0 nbsp i f 2 W g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 2 Omega g 2 x to x 0 nbsp to f 1 f 2 W g 1 g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 cdot f 2 Omega g 1 cdot g 2 x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f 1 W g 1 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 Omega g 1 x to x 0 nbsp i f 2 W g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 2 Omega g 2 x to x 0 nbsp to f 1 f 2 W min g 1 g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 f 2 Omega min g 1 g 2 x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f W g x x 0 displaystyle f Omega g x to x 0 nbsp i g W h x x 0 displaystyle g Omega h x to x 0 nbsp to f W h x x 0 displaystyle f Omega h x to x 0 nbsp tranzitivnist Vidnoshennya 8 RedaguvatiOznachennya dlya funkcij dijsnogo kompleksnogo argumentuCherez K displaystyle mathbb K nbsp poznachimo R displaystyle mathbb R nbsp abo C displaystyle mathbb C nbsp Nehaj A K displaystyle A subset mathbb K nbsp f g A K displaystyle f g A to mathbb K nbsp i x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp granichna tochka mnozhini A displaystyle A nbsp Cherez B x 0 d displaystyle B x 0 delta nbsp poznachimo d displaystyle delta nbsp okil tochki x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp Funkciya g displaystyle g nbsp nazivayetsya asimptotichnoyu tochnoyu ocinkoyu funkciyi f displaystyle f nbsp pri x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsni dodatni chisla L 1 displaystyle L 1 nbsp L 2 displaystyle L 2 nbsp ta d displaystyle delta nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo x A B x 0 d x 0 displaystyle x in A cap B x 0 delta setminus x 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist L 1 g x f x L 2 g x displaystyle L 1 g x leqslant f x leqslant L 2 g x nbsp Dlya K R displaystyle mathbb K mathbb R nbsp funkciya g displaystyle g nbsp nazivayetsya asimptotichnoyu tochnoyu ocinkoyu funkciyi f displaystyle f nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsni dodatni chisla L 1 displaystyle L 1 nbsp L 2 displaystyle L 2 nbsp i dijsne C displaystyle C nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo x A C displaystyle x in A cap C infty nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist L 1 g x f x L 2 g x displaystyle L 1 g x leqslant f x leqslant L 2 g x nbsp Dlya K C displaystyle mathbb K mathbb C nbsp funkciya g displaystyle g nbsp nazivayetsya asimptotichnoyu tochnoyu ocinkoyu funkciyi f displaystyle f nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsni dodatni chisla L 1 displaystyle L 1 nbsp L 2 displaystyle L 2 nbsp i dijsne C displaystyle C nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo x A z C z gt C displaystyle x in A cap z in mathbb C mid z gt C nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist L 1 g x f x L 2 g x displaystyle L 1 g x leqslant f x leqslant L 2 g x nbsp Poznachennya f x 8 g x displaystyle f x Theta g x nbsp x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp abo f 8 g displaystyle f Theta g nbsp x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp Oznachennya dlya funkcij cilogo nevid yemnogo argumentuNehaj f g N 0 R displaystyle f g mathbb N cup 0 to mathbb R nbsp Funkciya g displaystyle g nbsp nazivayetsya asimptotichnoyu tochnoyu ocinkoyu funkciyi f displaystyle f nbsp yaksho isnuyut dijsni dodatni chisla C 1 displaystyle C 1 nbsp C 2 displaystyle C 2 nbsp i naturalne n 0 displaystyle n 0 nbsp taki sho dlya dovilnogo n n 0 displaystyle n geqslant n 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist C 1 g n f n C 2 g n displaystyle C 1 g n leqslant f n leqslant C 2 g n nbsp Poznachennya f n 8 g n displaystyle f n Theta g n nbsp abo f 8 g displaystyle f Theta g nbsp Vlastivosti Redaguvati f 8 g x x 0 displaystyle f Theta g x to x 0 nbsp todi j lishe todi koli f O g x x 0 displaystyle f O g x to x 0 nbsp i g W f x x 0 displaystyle g Omega f x to x 0 nbsp f 8 g x x 0 displaystyle f Theta g x to x 0 nbsp todi j lishe todi koli g 8 f x x 0 displaystyle g Theta f x to x 0 nbsp Vidnoshennya o RedaguvatiOznachennya dlya funkcij dijsnogo kompleksnogo argumentuCherez K displaystyle mathbb K nbsp poznachimo R displaystyle mathbb R nbsp abo C displaystyle mathbb C nbsp Nehaj A K displaystyle A subset mathbb K nbsp f g A K displaystyle f g A to mathbb K nbsp i x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp granichna tochka mnozhini A displaystyle A nbsp Cherez B x 0 d displaystyle B x 0 delta nbsp poznachimo d displaystyle delta nbsp okil tochki x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp Funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya znehtuvanoyu u porivnyanni z funkciyeyu g displaystyle g nbsp pri x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp yaksho dlya dovilnogo dodatnogo e displaystyle varepsilon nbsp isnuye dodatnye d displaystyle delta nbsp take sho dlya dovilnogo x A B x 0 d x 0 displaystyle x in A cap B x 0 delta setminus x 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x e g x displaystyle f x leqslant varepsilon g x nbsp Dlya K R displaystyle mathbb K mathbb R nbsp funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya znehtuvanoyu u porivnyanni z funkciyeyu g displaystyle g nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho dlya dovilnogo dodatnogo e displaystyle varepsilon nbsp isnuye dodatnye C displaystyle C nbsp take sho dlya dovilnogo x A C displaystyle x in A cap C infty nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x e g x displaystyle f x leqslant varepsilon g x nbsp Dlya K C displaystyle mathbb K mathbb C nbsp funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya znehtuvanoyu u porivnyanni z funkciyeyu g displaystyle g nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho dlya dovilnogo dodatnogo e displaystyle varepsilon nbsp isnuye dodatnye C displaystyle C nbsp take sho dlya dovilnogo x A z C z gt C displaystyle x in A cap z in mathbb C mid z gt C nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x e g x displaystyle f x leqslant varepsilon g x nbsp Poznachennya f x o g x displaystyle f x o g x nbsp abo f o g displaystyle f o g nbsp Oznachennya dlya funkcij cilogo nevid yemnogo argumentuNehaj f g N 0 R displaystyle f g mathbb N cup 0 to mathbb R nbsp Funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya znehtuvanoyu u porivnyanni z funkciyeyu g displaystyle g nbsp yaksho dlya dovilnogo dodatnogo C displaystyle C nbsp isnuye naturalne n 0 displaystyle n 0 nbsp take sho dlya dovilnogo n n 0 displaystyle n geqslant n 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f n C g n displaystyle f n leqslant Cg n nbsp Vlastivosti Redaguvati f o g x x 0 displaystyle f o g x to x 0 nbsp todi j lishe todi koli lim x x 0 f x g x 0 displaystyle lim limits x to x 0 frac f x g x 0 nbsp Yaksho f o g x x 0 displaystyle f o g x to x 0 nbsp to f O g x x 0 displaystyle f O g x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f o g x x 0 displaystyle f o g x to x 0 nbsp i g O h x x 0 displaystyle g O h x to x 0 nbsp to f o h x x 0 displaystyle f o h x to x 0 nbsp Takim chinom o O h o h x x 0 displaystyle o O h o h x to x 0 nbsp Analogichno O o h o h x x 0 displaystyle O o h o h x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f 1 o g x x 0 displaystyle f 1 o g x to x 0 nbsp i f 2 o g x x 0 displaystyle f 2 o g x to x 0 nbsp to f 1 f 2 o g x x 0 displaystyle f 1 f 2 o g x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f 1 o g 1 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 o g 1 x to x 0 nbsp i f 2 O g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 2 O g 2 x to x 0 nbsp to f 1 f 2 o g 1 g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 cdot f 2 o g 1 cdot g 2 x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f o g x x 0 displaystyle f o g x to x 0 nbsp i g o h x x 0 displaystyle g o h x to x 0 nbsp to f o h x x 0 displaystyle f o h x to x 0 nbsp tranzitivnist Vidnoshennya w RedaguvatiOznachennya dlya funkcij dijsnogo kompleksnogo argumentuCherez K displaystyle mathbb K nbsp poznachimo R displaystyle mathbb R nbsp abo C displaystyle mathbb C nbsp Nehaj A K displaystyle A subset mathbb K nbsp f g A K displaystyle f g A to mathbb K nbsp i x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp granichna tochka mnozhini A displaystyle A nbsp Cherez B x 0 d displaystyle B x 0 delta nbsp poznachimo d displaystyle delta nbsp okil tochki x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp Funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya dominuyuchoyu u porivnyanni z funkciyeyu g displaystyle g nbsp pri x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp yaksho dlya dovilnogo dodatnogo e displaystyle varepsilon nbsp isnuye dodatnye d displaystyle delta nbsp take sho dlya dovilnogo x A B x 0 d x 0 displaystyle x in A cap B x 0 delta setminus x 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x e g x displaystyle f x geqslant varepsilon g x nbsp Dlya K R displaystyle mathbb K mathbb R nbsp funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya dominuyuchoyu u porivnyanni z funkciyeyu g displaystyle g nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho dlya dovilnogo dodatnogo e displaystyle varepsilon nbsp isnuye dodatnye C displaystyle C nbsp take sho dlya dovilnogo x A C displaystyle x in A cap C infty nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x e g x displaystyle f x geqslant varepsilon g x nbsp Dlya K C displaystyle mathbb K mathbb C nbsp funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya dominuyuchoyu u porivnyanni z funkciyeyu g displaystyle g nbsp pri x displaystyle x to infty nbsp yaksho dlya dovilnogo dodatnogo e displaystyle varepsilon nbsp isnuye dodatnye C displaystyle C nbsp take sho dlya dovilnogo x A z C z gt C displaystyle x in A cap z in mathbb C mid z gt C nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f x e g x displaystyle f x geqslant varepsilon g x nbsp Poznachennya f x w g x displaystyle f x omega g x nbsp abo f w g displaystyle f omega g nbsp Oznachennya dlya funkcij cilogo nevid yemnogo argumentuNehaj f g N 0 R displaystyle f g mathbb N cup 0 to mathbb R nbsp Funkciya f displaystyle f nbsp nazivayetsya dominuyuchoyu u porivnyanni z funkciyeyu g displaystyle g nbsp yaksho dlya dovilnogo dodatnogo C displaystyle C nbsp isnuye naturalne n 0 displaystyle n 0 nbsp take sho dlya dovilnogo n n 0 displaystyle n geqslant n 0 nbsp vikonuyetsya nerivnist f n C g n displaystyle f n geqslant Cg n nbsp Vlastivosti Redaguvati g o f x x 0 displaystyle g o f x to x 0 nbsp todi j lishe todi koli f w g x x 0 displaystyle f omega g x to x 0 nbsp f w g x x 0 displaystyle f omega g x to x 0 nbsp todi j lishe todi koli lim x x 0 f x g x displaystyle lim limits x to x 0 left frac f x g x right infty nbsp Yaksho f w g x x 0 displaystyle f omega g x to x 0 nbsp to f W g x x 0 displaystyle f Omega g x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f w g x x 0 displaystyle f omega g x to x 0 nbsp i g W h x x 0 displaystyle g Omega h x to x 0 nbsp to f w h x x 0 displaystyle f omega h x to x 0 nbsp Takim chinom w W h w h x x 0 displaystyle omega Omega h omega h x to x 0 nbsp Analogichno W w h w h x x 0 displaystyle Omega omega h omega h x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f 1 w g x x 0 displaystyle f 1 omega g x to x 0 nbsp i f 2 w g x x 0 displaystyle f 2 omega g x to x 0 nbsp to f 1 f 2 w g x x 0 displaystyle f 1 f 2 omega g x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f 1 w g 1 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 omega g 1 x to x 0 nbsp i f 2 W g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 2 Omega g 2 x to x 0 nbsp to f 1 f 2 w g 1 g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 cdot f 2 omega g 1 cdot g 2 x to x 0 nbsp Yaksho f w g x x 0 displaystyle f omega g x to x 0 nbsp i g w h x x 0 displaystyle g omega h x to x 0 nbsp to f w h x x 0 displaystyle f omega h x to x 0 nbsp tranzitivnist Vidnoshennya ekvivalentnosti funkcij RedaguvatiCherez K displaystyle mathbb K nbsp poznachimo R displaystyle mathbb R nbsp abo C displaystyle mathbb C nbsp Nehaj A K displaystyle A subset mathbb K nbsp f g A K displaystyle f g A to mathbb K nbsp i x 0 displaystyle x 0 nbsp granichna tochka mnozhini A displaystyle A nbsp Funkciyi f displaystyle f nbsp i g displaystyle g nbsp nazivayutsya ekvivalentnimi pri x x 0 displaystyle x to x 0 nbsp yaksho f g o f x x 0 displaystyle f g o f x to x 0 nbsp Oznachennya dlya funkcij cilogo nevid yemnogo argumentu analogichne Poznachennya f x g x x x 0 displaystyle f x sim g x x to x 0 nbsp abo f g x x 0 displaystyle f sim g x to x 0 nbsp Vlastivosti Redaguvati Vidnoshennya displaystyle sim nbsp ye vidnoshennyam ekvivalentnosti na mnozhini funkcij Nehaj dlya vsih x A x 0 displaystyle x in A setminus x 0 nbsp g x 0 displaystyle g x neq 0 nbsp Todi f g x x 0 displaystyle f sim g x to x 0 nbsp todi j lishe todi koli lim x x 0 f x g x 1 displaystyle lim limits x to x 0 frac f x g x 1 nbsp Yaksho f 1 g 1 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 sim g 1 x to x 0 nbsp i f 2 g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 2 sim g 2 x to x 0 nbsp to f 1 f 2 g 1 g 2 x x 0 displaystyle f 1 cdot f 2 sim g 1 cdot g 2 x to x 0 nbsp Nehaj dlya vsih x A x 0 displaystyle x in A setminus x 0 nbsp f x 0 displaystyle f x neq 0 nbsp g x 0 displaystyle g x neq 0 nbsp i f g x x 0 displaystyle f sim g x to x 0 nbsp Todi dlya bud yakoyi funkciyi h A K displaystyle h A to mathbb K nbsp z isnuvannya odniyeyi z graniclim x x 0 f x h x displaystyle lim x to x 0 f x cdot h x nbsp lim x x 0 g x h x displaystyle lim x to x 0 g x cdot h x nbsp viplivaye isnuvannya drugoyi granici i yih rivnist dd Analogichno z isnuvannya odniyeyi z granic dd lim x x 0 f x h x displaystyle lim x to x 0 frac f x h x nbsp lim x x 0 g x h x displaystyle lim x to x 0 frac g x h x nbsp viplivaye isnuvannya drugoyi i yih rivnist dd Prikladi RedaguvatiPriklad 1 Nehaj f x 2 x 5 6 x 2 15 displaystyle f x 2x 5 6x 2 15 nbsp x R displaystyle x in mathbb R nbsp i x 0 displaystyle x 0 infty nbsp Mayemo 2 x 5 6 x 2 15 2 x 5 6 x 2 15 15 x 5 15 x 5 15 x 5 45 x 5 displaystyle begin aligned 2x 5 6x 2 15 amp leqslant 2 x 5 6x 2 15 amp leqslant 15 x 5 15 x 5 15 x 5 amp 45 x 5 end aligned nbsp tobto L 45 displaystyle L 45 nbsp i cya nerivnist vikonuyetsya dlya vsih x 1 displaystyle x in 1 infty nbsp Zvidsi f x O x 5 x displaystyle f x O x 5 x to infty nbsp 2 x 5 6 x 2 15 2 x 5 displaystyle 2x 5 6x 2 15 geqslant 2 x 5 nbsp tut L 2 displaystyle L 2 nbsp i x 2 2 displaystyle x in 2 2 infty nbsp Zvidsi f x W x 5 x displaystyle f x Omega x 5 x to infty nbsp Otzhe f x 8 x 5 x displaystyle f x Theta x 5 x to infty nbsp Priklad 2 Nehaj n displaystyle n nbsp i m displaystyle m nbsp cili chisla z C displaystyle z in mathbb C nbsp Yaksho n m displaystyle n geqslant m nbsp to z m O z n displaystyle z m O z n nbsp pri z displaystyle z to infty nbsp Dlya dovedennya cogo zapishemo z m z m n z n z m n z n z m n z n displaystyle z m z m n z n z m n cdot z n z m n cdot z n nbsp Poklademo d 10 displaystyle delta 10 nbsp Todi z gt d displaystyle z gt delta nbsp oznachaye sho z m n 10 m n displaystyle z m n leqslant 10 m n nbsp oskilki n m displaystyle n geqslant m nbsp Otzhe yaksho z gt 10 displaystyle z gt 10 nbsp nerivnist z m L z m n displaystyle z m leqslant L z m n nbsp vikonuyetsya pri vibori L 10 m n displaystyle L 10 m n nbsp Takozh z analogichnim obmezhennyam na n displaystyle n nbsp ta m displaystyle m nbsp mi mayemo sho z n O z m displaystyle z n O z m nbsp pri z 0 displaystyle z to 0 nbsp z C displaystyle mathbb C nbsp Dlya dovedennya cogo zapishemo z n z n m z m z n m z m z n m z m displaystyle z n z n m z m z n m cdot z m z n m cdot z m nbsp Viberemo napriklad d 3 displaystyle delta 3 nbsp Todi 0 lt z lt 3 displaystyle 0 lt z lt 3 nbsp oznachaye sho z n m lt 3 n m displaystyle z n m lt 3 n m nbsp oskilki n m displaystyle n geqslant m nbsp Vikoristannya RedaguvatiNotaciya Landau maye dvi osnovni sferi vikoristannya U a