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Nakba arab النكبة translit an Nakbah dos liho katastrofa 1 takozh vidoma yak Palestinska katastrofa ce znishennya palestinskogo narodu j batkivshini v 1948 roci ta ostatochne peremishennya bilshosti palestinskih arabiv 2 3 Termin vikoristovuyetsya dlya opisu yak podij 1948 roku tak i chinnoyi okupaciyi palestinciv na Palestinskih teritoriyah okupovanij Zahidnij bereg i Sektor Gaza a takozh yih peresliduvannya j peremishennya na palestinskih teritoriyah i v taborah palestinskih bizhenciv po vsomu regionu 4 5 6 7 8 Nakba source source Nakba u VikishovishiOsnovopolozhni podiyi Nakbi vidbulisya pid chas i nezabarom pislya Palestinskoyi vijni 1948 roku na 78 pidmandatnoyi Palestini yaka bula ogoloshena Izrayilem vignannya ta vtecha 700 000 palestinciv pov yazane z cim zmenshennya naselennya ta znishennya ponad 500 palestinskih sil sionistskimi opolchencyami ta nastupne geografichne stirannya zgadok pro vignanciv vidmova palestincyam u pravi na povernennya poyava postijnih palestinskih bizhenciv i rujnuvannya palestinskogo suspilstva 9 10 11 12 Z tih pir deyaki istoriki opisuyut vignannya palestinciv yak etnichnu chistku 13 14 15 U 1998 roci Yasir Arafat zaproponuvav shobi palestinci vidznachali 50 richchya Nakbi progolosivshi 15 travnya nastupnogo dnya pislya zdobuttya Izrayilem nezalezhnosti v 1948 roci Dnem Nakbi formalizuvavshi datu yaka neoficijno vikoristovuvalasya she v 1949 roci 16 17 Nakba znachno vplinula na palestinsku kulturu i ye osnovopolozhnim simvolom palestinskoyi identichnosti razom iz handaloyu kufiyeyu ta simvolichnim klyuchem Pro Nakbu napisano nezlichenni knigi pisni ta virshi 18 Palestinskij poet Mahmud Dervish opisav Nakbu yak rozshirene sogodennya yake trivatime v majbutnomu 19 20 Zmist 1 Skladovi chastini 2 Vimushena migraciya 2 1 Viselennya j stirannya pam yati 3 Bezderzhavnist i denacionalizaciya 4 Rozkol suspilstva 5 Primitki 6 DzherelaSkladovi chastini red Nakba ohoplyuye vimushenu migraciyu pozbavlennya vlasnosti vidsutnist gromadyanstva j rozkol palestinskogo suspilstva 2 3 Vimushena migraciya red Uprodovzh Palestinskoyi vijni 1947 1949 rr priblizno 700 000 palestinciv utekli abo buli vignani sho stanovilo blizko 80 palestinskih arabiv sho meshkali na teritoriyi sho stala Izrayilem 21 22 Majzhe polovina ciyeyi cifri priblizno 250 000 300 000 palestinciv utekli abo buli vignani naperedodni Deklaraciyi nezalezhnosti Izrayilyu v travni 1948 roku 23 yakij buv nazvanij kazusom belli dlya vtorgnennya Arabskoyi ligi do krayini sho prizvelo do arabo izrayilskoyi vijni 1948 roku U pislyavoyennij period velika kilkist palestinciv namagalisya povernutisya do svoyih domivok vid 2700 do 5000 palestinciv bulo vbito Izrayilem protyagom cogo periodu perevazhna bilshist z nih buli bezzbrojnimi ta mali namir povernutisya z ekonomichnih chi socialnih prichin 24 Vidtodi vignannya palestinciv deyaki istoriki nazivayut etnichnoyu chistkoyu 13 14 15 U toj zhe chas znachna chastina tih palestinciv yaki zalishilisya v Izrayili stali vnutrishno peremishenimi osobami U 1950 roci UNRWA pidrahuvalo sho 46 000 iz 156 000 palestinciv yaki zalishilisya v mezhah kordoniv demarkovanih yak Izrayil zgidno z Ugodami pro peremir ya 1949 roku buli vnutrishno peremishenimi bizhencyami 25 26 Sogodni blizko 274 000 arabskih gromadyan Izrayilyu abo kozhen chetvertij v Izrayili ye vnutrishno peremishenimi osobami vnaslidok podij 1948 roku 27 Viselennya j stirannya pam yati red Plan podilu OON 1947 roku peredbachav 56 teritoriyi Palestini dlya majbutnoyi yevrejskoyi derzhavi todi yak palestinska bilshist 66 mala otrimati 44 teritoriyi 80 zemli v zaplanovanij yevrejskij derzhavi vzhe nalezhalo palestincyam 11 mali yevrejskij titul Do pid chas i pislya vijni 1947 1949 rokiv sotni palestinskih mist i sil buli obezlyudneni j zrujnovani 28 29 Geografichni nazvi po vsij krayini buli sterti ta zamineni yevrejskimi nazvami inodi pohidnimi vid istorichnoyi palestinskoyi nomenklaturi a inodi novimi vinahodami Chislenni neyevrejski istorichni ob yekti buli znisheni ne lishe pid chas voyen a j uprodovzh kilkoh desyatilit Napriklad ponad 80 palestinskih silskih mechetej bulo zrujnovano a artefakti vilucheno z muzeyiv ta arhiviv V Izrayili bulo prijnyato nizku zakoniv dlya legalizaciyi ekspropriaciyi palestinskih zemel 30 31 Bezderzhavnist i denacionalizaciya red Obezderzhavlennya palestinciv ye centralnim komponentom Nakbi i prodovzhuye buti harakternoyu risoyu palestinskogo nacionalnogo zhittya do nashih dniv Usi arabi palestinci vidrazu stali osobami bez gromadyanstva v rezultati Nakbi hocha deyaki prijnyali inshi nacionalnosti 32 Pislya 1948 roku palestinci perestali buti prosto palestincyami natomist stali abo izrayilsko palestincyami palestincyami BAPOR palestincyami Zahidnogo berega richki Jordan i palestincyami Gazi na dodatok do shirshoyi palestinskoyi diaspori yaka zmogla otrimati dozvil na prozhivannya za mezhami istorichnoyi Palestini i v taborah dlya bizhenciv 33 Pershij Izrayilskij zakon pro gromadyanstvo prijnyatij 14 lipnya 1952 roku denacionalizuvav palestinciv zrobivshi kolishnye palestinske gromadyanstvo pozbavlenim suti nezadovilnim i nevidpovidnim situaciyi pislya stvorennya Izrayilyu 34 35 Rozkol suspilstva red Nakba stala pershoprichinoyu poyavi palestinskoyi diaspori v toj zhe chas koli Izrayil buv stvorenij yak batkivshina dlya yevreyiv palestinci buli peretvoreni na naciyu bizhenciv z identichnistyu blukachiv 36 Sogodni bilshist iz 13 7 miljoniv palestinciv zhivut u diaspori tobto za mezhami istorichnoyi teritoriyi pidmandatnoyi Palestini perevazhno v inshih krayinah arabskogo svitu 37 Z 6 2 miljona osib zareyestrovanih specialnim agentstvom OON u spravah palestinskih bizhenciv UNRWA a blizko 40 zhivut na Zahidnomu berezi richki Jordan i v Gazi a 60 u diaspori Velika kilkist cih bizhenciv z diaspori ne integrovani v prijmayuchi krayini pro sho svidchit postijna napruzhenist mizh palestincyami v Livani abo vtecha palestinciv z Kuvejtu v 1990 91 rokah 39 Ci faktori prizveli do formuvannya palestinskoyi identichnosti strazhdannya u toj chas yak deteritorializaciya palestinciv stala faktorom ob yednannya i koordinaciyi u pragnenni povernutisya na vtrachenu batkivshinu 40 Primitki red Note The 6 2 million is composed of 5 55 million registered refugees and 0 63m other registered people UNRWA s definition of Other Registered Persons refer to those who at the time of original registration did not satisfy all of UNRWA s Palestine refugee criteria but who were determined to have suffered significant loss and or hardship for reasons related to the 1948 conflict in Palestine they also include persons who belong to the families of other registered persons 38 Honaida Ghanim 2009 Poetics of Disaster Nationalism gender and social change among Palestinian poets in Israel after Nakba International Journal of Politics Culture and Society 22 s 23 39 JSTOR 40608203 a b Webman 2009 a b Sa di 2002 Hanan Ashrawi Address by Ms Hanan Ashrawi Arhivovano 4 bereznya 2021 u Wayback Machine Durban South Africa 28 August 2001 World Conference Against Racism Racial Discrimination Xenophobia and Related Intolerances a nation in captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism apartheid racism and victimization original emphasis Saeb Erekat 15 May 2016 Haaretz Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba the Palestinian Tragedy Arhivovano 26 lyutogo 2021 u Wayback Machine The two part makeup of the Nakba was borne through the destruction of Palestine and the construction of Israel It encompasses around 350 000 internally displaced Palestinian citizens of Israel It is seen through a racist legislative framework which legitimized the theft of Palestinian refugee land as enumerated in the Absentee Property Law For Palestinians worldwide the Nakba was not merely a day in history 68 years ago but an entire system of daily forced subjugation and dispossession culminating in today s Apartheid regime Sa di ta Abu Lughod 2007 s 10 Manna 2013 s 87 Bashir ta Goldberg 2018 s 33 footnote 4 In Palestinian writings the signifier Nakba came to designate two central meanings which will be used in this volume interchangeably 1 the 1948 disaster and 2 the ongoing occupation and colonization of Palestine that reached its peak in the catastrophe of 1948 Masalha 2012 s 3 Dajani 2005 s 42 The nakba is the experience that has perhaps most defined Palestinian history For the Palestinian it is not merely a political event the establishment of the state of Israel on 78 percent of the territory of the Palestine Mandate or even primarily a humanitarian one the creation of the modern world s most enduring refugee problem The nakba is of existential significance to Palestinians representing both the shattering of the Palestinian community in Palestine and the consolidation of a shared national consciousness Sa di ta Abu Lughod 2007 s 3 For Palestinians the 1948 War led indeed to a catastrophe A society disintegrated a people dispersed and a complex and historically changing but taken for granted communal life was ended violently The Nakba has thus become both in Palestinian memory and history the demarcation line between two qualitatively opposing periods After 1948 the lives of the Palestinians at the individual community and national level were dramatically and irreversibly changed Khalidi Rashid I 1992 Observations on the Right of Return Journal of Palestine Studies 21 2 29 40 JSTOR 2537217 doi 10 2307 2537217 Only by understanding the centrality of the catastrophe of politicide and expulsion that befell the Palestinian people al nakba in Arabic is it possible to understand the Palestinians sense of the right of return a b Ian Black 26 listopada 2010 Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return The Guardian Pomilka cituvannya Nekorektnij teg lt ref gt nazva IANBLACK viznachena kilka raziv z riznim vmistom a b Ilan Pappe 2006 a b Shavit Ari Survival of the Fittest An Interview with Benny Morris Logos Winter 2004 Schmemann Serge 15 travnya 1998 MIDEAST TURMOIL THE OVERVIEW 9 Palestinians Die in Protests Marking Israel s Anniversary The New York Times Arhiv originalu za 5 March 2022 Procitovano 7 kvitnya 2021 We are not asking for a lot We are not asking for the moon We are asking to close the chapter of nakba once and for all for the refugees to return and to build an independent Palestinian state on our land our land our land just like other peoples We want to celebrate in our capital holy Jerusalem holy Jerusalem holy Jerusalem Gladstone Rick 15 travnya 2021 An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval The New York Times Arhiv originalu za 15 travnya 2021 Procitovano 15 travnya 2021 Masalha 2012 s 11 Darwish 2001 Williams 2009 s 89 Masalha Nur 1992 Expulsion of the Palestinians Institute for Palestine Studies this edition 2001 p 175 Rashid Khalidi September 1998 Palestinian identity the construction of modern national consciousness Columbia University Press s 21 ISBN 978 0 231 10515 6 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 27 kvitnya 2021 In 1948 half of Palestine s Arabs were uprooted from their homes and became refugees According to Morris s estimates 250 000 to 300 000 Palestinians left Israel during this stage whereas Keesing s Contemporary Archives in London place the total number of refugees before Israel s independence at 300 000 as quoted in Mark Tessler s A History of the Arab Israeli Conflict Keesing s Contemporary Archives London Keesing s Publications 1948 1973 p 10101 Benny Morris 1997 Israel s Border Wars 1949 1956 Arab Infiltration Israeli Retaliation and the Countdown to the Suez War Clarendon Press s 432 ISBN 978 0 19 829262 3 The available documentation suggests that Israeli security forces and civilian guards and their mines and booby traps killed somewhere between 2 700 and 5 000 Arab infiltrators during 1949 56 The evidence suggests that the vast majority of those killed were unarmed The overwhelming majority had infiltrated for economic or social reasons The majority of the infiltrators killed died during 1949 51 there was a drop to some 300 500 a year in 1952 4 Available statistics indicate a further drop in fatalities during 1955 6 despite the relative increase in terrorist infiltration Number of Palestinians In the Palestinian Territories Occupied in 1948 for Selected Years End Year Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Arhiv originalu za 6 March 2021 Procitovano 27 kvitnya 2021 עיצוב יחסי יהודים ערבים בעשור הראשון lib cet ac il Arhiv originalu za 8 October 2022 Procitovano 8 zhovtnya 2022 Nihad Bokae e February 2003 Palestinian Internally Displaced Persons inside Israel Challenging the Solid Structures Badil Resource Centre for Palestinian Refugee and Residency Rights Arhiv originalu za 7 April 2016 Procitovano 15 kvitnya 2017 Morris Benny 2003 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 00967 7 p 604 Khalidi Walid Ed 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 0 88728 224 5 Forman G Kedar A Sandy From Arab Land to Israel Lands The Legal Dispossession of the Palestinians Displaced by Israel in the Wake of 1948 Environment and Planning D Society and Space 2004 22 6 809 830 doi 10 1068 d402 Kedar A Sandy The Legal Transformation of Ethnic Geography Israeli Law and the Palestinian Landholder 1948 1967 33 N Y U J Int l L amp Pol 923 2000 2001 Sa di ta Abu Lughod 2007 s 136 Butenschon N A Davis U Hassassian M eds Citizenship and the State in the Middle East Approaches and Applications Syracuse New York Syracuse University Press 2000 p 204 Lauterpacht H ed International Law Reports 1950 London Butterworth amp Co 1956 p 111 Kattan V 2005 The Nationality of Denationalized Palestinians Nordic Journal of International Law 74 1 67 102 DOI 10 1163 1571810054301004 Schulz 2003 s 1 2 One of the grim paradoxes of the Palestinian Israeli conflict is that the foundation of the state of Israel intended to create a safe haven for the archetypical Jewish diaspora spelt the immediate diasporisation of the Arab Palestinians The territorialisation of the Jewish diaspora spurred a new wandering identity and the Palestinians became a refugee nation To the Palestinians the birth of Israel is thus remembered as the catastrophe al nakba to imprint the suffering caused by dispersal exile alienation and denial The nakba is the root cause of the Palestinian diaspora Schulz 2003 s 1 3 UNRWA Annual Operational Report 2019 Arhiv originalu za 13 bereznya 2021 Procitovano 7 kvitnya 2021 Schulz 2003 s 2 Although the PLO has officially continued to demand fulfilment of UN resolution 194 and a return to homes lost and compensation there is not substantial international support for such a solution Yet it is around the hope of return that millions of Palestinian refugees have formed their lives This hope has historically been nurtured by PLO politics and its tireless repetition of the right of return a mantra in PLO discourse In addition for hundreds of thousands or even millions of Palestinian refugees there are no prospects or desires for integration into host societies In Lebanon the Palestinians have been regarded as human garbage Nasrallah 1997 indeed as matters out of place cf Douglas 1976 and as unwanted Schulz 2003 s 2 3 Fragmentation loss of homeland and denial have prompted an identity of suffering an identification created by the anxieties and injustices happening to the Palestinians because of external forces In this process a homeland discourse a process of remembering what has been lost is an important component Therefore the dispersal shatat in Arabic and fragmentation of the Arab population of Palestine have served as uniting factors behind a modern Palestinian national identity illuminating the facet of absence of territory as a weighty component in creations and recreations of ethnic and national identities in exile Deterritorialised communities seek their identity in the territory the Homeland Lost which they can only see from a distance if at all The focal point of identity and politics is a place lost Dzherela red Alon Shir 2019 No One to See Here Genres of Neutralization and the Ongoing Nakba Arab Studies Journal Georgetown University 27 1 91 117 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 22 grudnya 2022 Vescovi Thomas 15 sichnya 2015 La memoire de la Nakba en Israel Le regard de la societe israelienne sur la tragedie palestinienne Editions L Harmattan ISBN 978 2 336 36805 4 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Baumgarten Helga 2005 The Three Faces Phases of Palestinian Nationalism 1948 2005 Journal of Palestine Studies 34 4 25 48 JSTOR 10 1525 jps 2005 34 4 25 doi 10 1525 jps 2005 34 4 25 Zureiq Constantin 1956 The Meaning of the Disaster Khayat s College Book Cooperative Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Original Arabic version Zureiq Constantin 1948 وصف الكتاب دار العلم للملايين Sa di Ahmad H Abu Lughod Lila 2007 Nakba Palestine 1948 and the Claims of Memory Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 13579 5 Nashef Hania A M 30 zhovtnya 2018 Palestinian Culture and the Nakba Bearing Witness Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 351 38749 1 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Masalha Nur 9 serpnya 2012 The Palestine Nakba Decolonising History Narrating the Subaltern Reclaiming Memory Zed Books Ltd ISBN 978 1 84813 973 2 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Bashir Bashir Goldberg Amos 13 listopada 2018 The Holocaust and the Nakba A New Grammar of Trauma and History Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 54448 1 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Wermenbol Grace 31 travnya 2021 A Tale of Two Narratives The Holocaust the Nakba and the Israeli Palestinian Battle of Memories Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 108 84028 6 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Caplan Neil 2012 Victimhood in Israeli and Palestinian National Narratives Bustan The Middle East Book Review 3 1 1 19 JSTOR 10 1163 187853012x633508 doi 10 1163 187853012x633508 Khoury Nadim January 2020 Postnational memory Narrating the Holocaust and the Nakba Philosophy amp Social Criticism 46 1 91 110 doi 10 1177 0191453719839448 Sa di Ahmad H 2002 Catastrophe Memory and Identity Al Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity Israel Studies 7 2 175 198 JSTOR 30245590 doi 10 2979 ISR 2002 7 2 175 Manna Adel 2013 The Palestinian Nakba and Its Continuous Repercussions Israel Studies 18 2 86 99 JSTOR 10 2979 israelstudies 18 2 86 doi 10 2979 israelstudies 18 2 86 KOLDAS UMUT 2011 The Nakba in Palestinian Memory in Israel Middle Eastern Studies 47 6 947 959 JSTOR 23054253 doi 10 1080 00263206 2011 619354 Sayigh Rosemary 1 listopada 2013 On the Exclusion of the Palestinian Nakba from the Trauma Genre Journal of Palestine Studies 43 1 51 60 JSTOR 10 1525 jps 2013 43 1 51 doi 10 1525 jps 2013 43 1 51 Lentin Ronit 19 lipnya 2013 Co memory and melancholia Israelis memorialising the Palestinian Nakba Manchester University Press ISBN 978 1 84779 768 1 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Al Hardan Anaheed 5 kvitnya 2016 Palestinians in Syria Nakba Memories of Shattered Communities Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 54122 0 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Dajani Omar 2005 Surviving Opportunities U Tamara Wittes Cofman How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate A Cross cultural Analysis of the Oslo Peace Process US Institute of Peace Press ISBN 978 1 929223 64 0 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 archiveurl vimagaye url dovidka Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Webman Esther 25 travnya 2009 The Evolution of a Founding Myth The Nakba and Its Fluctuating Meaning U Meir Litvak Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity Springer ISBN 978 0 230 62163 3 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 2 kvitnya 2021 Schulz Helena Lindholm 2003 The Palestinian Diaspora Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 26821 9 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 Procitovano 7 kvitnya 2021 Masalha Nur 2008 Remembering the Palestinian Nakba Commemoration Oral History and Narratives of Memory Holy Land Studies 7 2 123 156 doi 10 3366 E147494750800019X Shablon Project MUSE Arhiv originalu za 3 chervnya 2022 Procitovano 30 kvitnya 2022 Darwish Mahmoud 10 16 May 2001 Not to begin at the end Al Ahram Weekly 533 Arhiv originalu za 2 grudnya 2001 Williams Patrick 2009 Naturally I reject the term diaspora Said and Palestinian Dispossession U M Keown D Murphy and J Procter Comparing Postcolonial Diasporas Palgrave Macmillan UK ISBN 978 0 230 23278 5 Arhiv originalu za 14 sichnya 2023 archiveurl vimagaye url dovidka Procitovano 23 kvitnya 2021 Otrimano z https uk wikipedia org w index php title Nakba amp oldid 40731683