Krioskopi ya ros krioskopiya angl cryoscopy metod doslidzhennya rozbavlenih rozchiniv sho gruntuyetsya na vimiryuvanni ponizhennya temperaturi zamerzannya rozchinu neletkoyi spoluki porivnyano z temperaturoyu zamerzannya chistogo rozchinnika Vikoristovuyetsya zokrema dlya viznachennya molekulyarnoyi masi rechovin mizhmolekulyarnoyi vzayemodiyi komponentiv u rozchinah rozchinene rozchinene rozchinene rozchinnik Zmist 1 Kilkisnij zv yazok mizh ponizhennyam temperaturi zamerzannya rozchinnika u rozchini i koncentraciyeyu rozchinenoyi rechovini 2 Vikoristannya 3 Div takozh 4 Primitki 5 Dzherela 6 PosilannyaKilkisnij zv yazok mizh ponizhennyam temperaturi zamerzannya rozchinnika u rozchini i koncentraciyeyu rozchinenoyi rechovini red Pri rivnovazi himichni potenciali rozchinnika u rozchini i tverdomu stani rivni mizh soboyu m 1 s m 1 l m 1 0 R T ln a 1 displaystyle mu 1 s mu 1 l mu 1 0 RT ln boldsymbol a 1 nbsp V rozchinah sho pidporyadkovuyutsya zakonu Raulya a 1 x 1 displaystyle a 1 x 1 nbsp de a 1 displaystyle a 1 nbsp aktivnist rozchinnika x 1 displaystyle x 1 nbsp molna chastka Vihodyachi z cogo mozhna otrimatio ln x 1 m 1 s m 1 0 R T D G R T displaystyle ln x 1 mu 1 s mu 1 0 over RT Delta G over RT nbsp de D G displaystyle Delta G nbsp zmina energiyi Gibbsa pri kristalizaciyi rozchinnika Prodiferenciyuvavshi rivnyannya za temperaturoyu z vikoristannyam rivnyannya Gibbsa Gelmgolca ln x 1 T p T D G R T p D H s o l R T 2 displaystyle left partial ln x 1 over partial T right p partial over partial T left Delta G over RT right p left Delta H sol over RT 2 right nbsp de D H s o l displaystyle Delta H sol nbsp teplota plavlennya tverdogo rozchinnika Integruvannya rivnyannya vid temperaturi kristalizaciyi chistogo rozchinnika T o displaystyle T o nbsp pri comu x 1 1 displaystyle x 1 1 nbsp do temperaturi kristalizaciyi rozchinnika T displaystyle T nbsp u rozchini z koncentraciyeyu x 1 displaystyle x 1 nbsp daye ln x 1 D H s o l R T o T T 0 T displaystyle ln x 1 Delta H sol over R cdot T o T over T 0 T nbsp Zmenshennya temperaturi kristalizaciyi D T displaystyle Delta T nbsp nevelike i priblizno mozhna prijnyati sho dobutok T T 0 T 0 2 displaystyle TT 0 T 0 2 nbsp Todi D T R T 0 2 D H s o l ln x 1 displaystyle Delta T RT 0 2 over Delta H sol ln x 1 nbsp Zaminivshi molnu chastku rozchinnika x 1 displaystyle x 1 nbsp cherez molnu chastku rozchinenoyi rechovini x displaystyle x nbsp ln x 1 ln 1 x displaystyle ln x 1 ln 1 x nbsp Vrahovuyuchi sho x displaystyle x nbsp mala velichina mozhna rozklasti ln 1 x displaystyle ln 1 x nbsp v ryad obmezhivshis pershim chlenom rozkladannya ln 1 x x displaystyle ln 1 x x nbsp Oskilki u rozbavlenih rozchinah x x 1 displaystyle x ll x 1 nbsp i n 2 n 1 displaystyle n 2 ll n 1 nbsp to x n 2 n 1 n 2 n 2 n 1 n 2 M 1 w 1 m M 1 1000 displaystyle x n 2 over n 1 n 2 approx n 2 over n 1 n 2 M 1 over omega 1 mM 1 over 1000 nbsp de M 1 displaystyle M 1 nbsp i w 1 displaystyle omega 1 nbsp molyarna masa i masa rozchinnika u rozchini vidpovidno m displaystyle m nbsp molyalnist rozchinu Pidstavivshi znachennya u rivnyannya D T R T 0 2 M 1 1000 D H s o l m K m displaystyle Delta T RT 0 2 M 1 over 1000 Delta H sol m Km nbsp de K displaystyle K nbsp krioskopichna stala abo molyarne ponizhennya temperaturi kristalizaciyi Vona ne zalezhit vid prirodi rozchinenoyi rechovini a lishe vid danogo rozchinnika 1 Vikoristannya red Krioskopiyu zastosovuyut dlya viznachennya krioskopichnoyi staloyi yaksho vidoma molyarna masa rozchinenogo neelektrolitu K D T m displaystyle K Delta T over m nbsp molyarnoyi masi rozchinenogo neelektrolitu yaksho vidoma krioskopichna stala M 2 K g 2 1000 D T g 1 displaystyle M 2 K g 2 cdot 1000 over Delta T centerdot g 1 nbsp koeficiyent Vant Goffa i D T K m displaystyle i Delta T over Km nbsp koeficiyenta aktivnosti rozchinnika koncentraciyi rozchinenogo neelektrolita Div takozh red EbulioskopiyaPrimitki red Lebid Valentin Illich 2008 Fizichna himiya Harkiv Gimnaziya s 111 113 ISBN 9789668319945 Dzherela red Glosarij terminiv z himiyi uklad J Opejda O Shvajka In t fiziko organichnoyi himiyi ta vuglehimiyi im L M Litvinenka NAN Ukrayini Doneckij nacionalnij universitet Don Veber 2008 738 s ISBN 978 966 335 206 0 Posilannya red KRIOSKOPIYa Arhivovano 21 lyutogo 2016 u Wayback Machine Farmacevtichna enciklopediya nbsp Ce nezavershena stattya z fizichnoyi himiyi Vi mozhete dopomogti proyektu vipravivshi abo dopisavshi yiyi Otrimano z https uk wikipedia org w index php title Krioskopiya amp oldid 35108829
