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Konekto m ce povna mapa i opis strukturi zv yazkiv u nervovij sistemi organizmu Traktografiya lyudskogo mozku source source source source source source source source source source source source Kartografuvannya nejronnih merezh mozku na osnovi difuzijnoyi MRT source source source source source source source source source source source source Zv yazki mizh riznimi vizualnimi oblastyami u vizualnij vistemi na osnovi difuzijnoyi MRT Trakti biloyi rechovini v mozku lyudini vizualizovani MRT traktografiyeyuNervova sistema organizmu skladayetsya z nejroniv yaki spilkuyutsya cherez sinapsi Konnektom stvoryuyetsya shlyahom vidstezhennya nejronalnoyi aktivnosti v nervovij sistemi ta kartografuvannya de nejroni z yednani cherez sinapsi Galuz doslidzhen konektomika vklyuchaye v sebe kartografuvannya ta analiz arhitekturi mizhnejronalnih zv yazkiv Kartografuyuchi konnektom vcheni spodivayutsya rozgadati mehanizmi sho lezhat v osnovi sprijnyattya piznannya emocij i povedinki a takozh nadati nove rozuminnya patofiziologiyi nevrologichnih i psihichnih rozladiv 1 Zmist 1 Merezheve vidobrazhennya zv yazkiv u mozku lyudini 2 Doslidzhennya konnektoma 3 Metodi vivchennya konnektoma 4 Zastosuvannya 5 Aksoni yaki innervuyut m yazi vushnih rakovin u mishej 6 Div takozh 7 Literatura 7 1 Knigi 7 2 Statti 7 3 Zhurnali 7 4 Resursi 8 PrimitkiMerezheve vidobrazhennya zv yazkiv u mozku lyudini RedaguvatiVpershe u 1986 roci buv opisanij konektom cherva Caenorhabditis elegans nervova sistema yakogo nalichuye lishe 302 nejroni 2 Komanda vchenih nanesla na kartu vsi 7000 z yednan mizh nejronami Shodo mozku lyudini to vin nalichuye u sobi blizko 100 milyardiv nervovih klitin i u 10 000 raziv bilshe zv yazkiv mizh nimi Zrozumilo sho konektom takoyi strukturi bude vklyuchati v sebe nadzvichajno velikij ob yem informaciyi Vvazhayut sho u zv yazkah mizh nejronami zakladeno bagato aspektiv lyudskoyi individualnosti takih yak osobistist i intelekt tomu opis konektoma lyudini mozhe stati velikim krokom u rozuminni bagatoh rozumovih procesiv Viznachennya konektoma cherva nematodi zajnyalo bilsh nizh 12 rokiv kropitkoyi praci Dlya stvorennya konektoma mozku lyudini neobhidno mati bilsh progresivni avtomatizovani tehnologiyi yaki zbilshat shvidkist znahodzhennya mizhklitinnih kontaktiv Nazva konektom bula zaproponovana u 2005 roci nezalezhno odin vid odnogo dvoma doslidnikami Olafom Spornsom ta Patrikom Hegmennom za analogiyeyu z terminom geno m Doslidzhennya konnektoma RedaguvatiDoslidzhennya konnektoma bulo v centri uvagi bagatoh nejronaukovih disciplin Odna z golovnih cilej doslidzhennya konnektomiv zrozumiti yak nejronni zv yazki spriyayut obrobci ta integraciyi sensornoyi informaciyi kognitivnih funkcij i povedinki Os deyaki z suchasnih napryamkiv doslidzhen konnektomiki Konnektomika rozvitku cya galuz doslidzhennya maye na meti zrozumiti yak konnektom formuyetsya pid chas rozvitku ta yak jogo struktura zminyuyetsya z chasom Vivchayuchi yak nejronni zv yazki formuyutsya ta rozvivayutsya doslidniki spodivayutsya otrimati rozuminnya mehanizmiv yaki lezhat v osnovi rozvitku mozku i viznachiti faktori yaki mozhut vplivati na jogo robotu 3 4 Funkcionalna konnektomika cya oblast doslidzhennya zoseredzhena na rozuminni togo yak nejronni zv yazki vplivayut na robotu mozku Doslidniki vikoristovuyut taki metodi yak funkcionalna MRT shob viznachiti modeli mozkovoyi aktivnosti pov yazani z konkretnimi zavdannyami abo psihichnimi stanami Spivvidnosyachi ci modeli aktivnosti z danimi konnektomiv doslidniki spodivayutsya otrimati uyavlennya pro te yak nejronni shemi obroblyayut ta integruyut informaciyu 5 6 7 8 9 Porivnyalna konnektomika cya galuz doslidzhennya zoseredzhena na porivnyanni konnektomiv riznih vidiv shob zrozumiti yak nejronni lancyugi evolyucionuvali shob pidtrimuvati rizni povedinki ta funkciyi Porivnyuyuchi konnektomi riznih vidiv doslidniki spodivayutsya otrimati rozuminnya fundamentalnih principiv sho lezhat v osnovi funkcionuvannya mozku ta evolyuciyi 10 Patologichna konnektomika Insha oblast doslidzhennya konnektomiv zoseredzhena na rozuminni togo yak konnektomi zminyuyutsya pri nevrologichnih i psihichnih rozladah Doslidniki vikoristovuvali konnektomnij analiz shob viznachiti zmini v zv yazkah mozku pov yazani z takimi zahvoryuvannyami yak hvoroba Alcgejmera shizofreniya ta autizm Rozumiyuchi yak konnektom vplivaye na ci rozladi doslidniki spodivayutsya rozrobiti novi metodi likuvannya ta vtruchannya 11 12 13 14 Analiz merezhi peredbachaye vikoristannya matematichnih i obchislyuvalnih modelej dlya analizu vlastivostej nejronnih merezh Doslidniki vikoristovuyut merezhevij analiz dlya vivchennya strukturi ta funkciyi nejronnih lancyugiv a takozh dlya viznachennya modelej zv yazku yaki mozhut buti porusheni pri nevrologichnih i psihichnih rozladah 15 16 17 18 Zagalom doslidzhennya konnektomiv ce galuz yaka shvidko rozvivayetsya i daye novi znannya pro organizaciyu ta funkcionuvannya nervovoyi sistemi Zobrazhuyuchi konnektom doslidniki spodivayutsya otrimati glibshe rozuminnya mozku ta jogo skladnosti a takozh rozrobiti novi metodi likuvannya nevrologichnih ta psihichnih rozladiv Metodi vivchennya konnektoma RedaguvatiVivchennya konnektoma vimagaye poyednannya metodiv z riznih galuzej vklyuchayuchi nejronauku informatiku ta inzheneriyu Os deyaki z osnovnih metodiv yaki vikoristovuyutsya v doslidzhenni konnektomiv nbsp Seriyi zobrazhen difuzijnoyi MRT vikoristovuyutsya dlya kartuvannya shlyahiv traktiv biloyi rechovini a seriyi fMRT vikoristovuyutsya dlya ocinki togo yak krovotik korelyuye mizh z yednanimi dilyankami siroyi rechovini Difuzijna MRT difuzijna magnitno rezonansna tomografiya MRT ce neinvazivnij metod nejrovizualizaciyi yakij mozhna vikoristovuvati dlya doslidzhennya shlyahiv biloyi rechovini v mozku Vin pracyuye shlyahom vimiryuvannya ruhu molekul vodi v mozku ta vikoristannya ciyeyi informaciyi dlya viznachennya napryamku ta organizaciyi volokon biloyi rechovini Elektronna mikroskopiya ce metod vizualizaciyi z visokoyu rozdilnoyu zdatnistyu yakij mozhna vikoristovuvati dlya vizualizaciyi okremih nejroniv ta yihnih zv yazkiv Vikoristovuyuchi EM dlya zobrazhennya tonkih shmatochkiv mozkovoyi tkanini doslidniki mozhut stvoriti detalni karti nejronnih zv yazkiv u pevnij dilyanci mozku Optogenetika ce tehnika yaka dozvolyaye doslidnikam kontrolyuvati aktivnist pevnih nejroniv u mozku za dopomogoyu svitla Vikoristovuyuchi optogenetiku dlya vibirkovoyi aktivaciyi abo galmuvannya nejroniv doslidniki mozhut vivchati funkciyu pevnih nejronnih lancyugiv ta yihnij vnesok u povedinku Kalciyeva vizualizaciya ce tehnika yaka mozhe buti vikoristana dlya vimiryuvannya aktivnosti velikih populyacij nejroniv u realnomu chasi Vikoristovuyuchi genetichno zakodovani indikatori kalciyu doslidniki mozhut vidstezhuvati zmini nejronnoyi aktivnosti u vidpovid na rizni stimuli abo povedinku Mapuvannya konnektomu kartografuvannya konnektomu vidnositsya do procesu rekonstrukciyi povnoyi karti nejronnih zv yazkiv u nervovij sistemi Ce mozhna zrobiti za dopomogoyu riznomanitnih metodiv vklyuchayuchi elektronnu mikroskopiyu MRT ta in yekciyi indikatoriv 19 20 21 Analiz merezhi Yak zgaduvalosya v poperednomu rozdili analiz merezhi peredbachaye vikoristannya matematichnih i obchislyuvalnih modelej dlya analizu vlastivostej nejronnih merezh Cya tehnika osoblivo korisna dlya vivchennya velikomasshtabnih merezh i viyavlennya modelej z yednannya yaki mozhut buti porusheni pri nevrologichnih i psihichnih rozladah Zagalom ci metodi zabezpechuyut potuzhnij nabir instrumentiv dlya vivchennya konnektoma ta rozuminnya organizaciyi ta funkcionuvannya nervovoyi sistemi Zastosuvannya RedaguvatiZnannya otrimani v rezultati doslidzhennya konnektomiv mayut shiroke znachennya dlya rozuminnya mozku ta rozrobki novih metodiv likuvannya nevrologichnih i psihichnih rozladiv Os deyaki z potencijnih zastosuvan doslidzhennya konnektomiv Rozuminnya rozvitku mozku vivchayuchi konnektom pid chas rozvitku doslidniki mozhut otrimati uyavlennya pro mehanizmi yaki lezhat v osnovi rozvitku mozku i viznachiti faktori yaki mozhut vplivati na provodku mozku Ci znannya mozhut zreshtoyu prizvesti do novih strategij spriyannya zdorovomu rozvitku mozku ta zapobigannya porushennyam rozvitku Rozrobka novih metodiv likuvannya viznachivshi zmini v konnektomi pov yazani z nevrologichnimi ta psihichnimi rozladami doslidniki mozhut rozrobiti novi metodi likuvannya ta vtruchannya Napriklad gliboka stimulyaciya mozku GSM abo DBS ce tehnika yaka peredbachaye cilespryamovanu dostavku elektrichnoyi stimulyaciyi do pevnih dilyanok mozku GSM pokazav perspektivu dlya likuvannya takih zahvoryuvan yak hvoroba Parkinsona ta depresiya 22 23 nbsp Zmini v shlyahah biloyi rechovini u paciyenta z hronichnoyu shizofreniyeyu 24 Rozvitok shtuchnogo intelektu arhitektura lyudskogo konnektomu nadihnula na novi pidhodi do shtuchnogo intelektu ShI Imituyuchi strukturu ta funkciyi lyudskogo mozku doslidniki spodivayutsya rozrobiti bilsh doskonali ta efektivnishi sistemi ShI 25 26 Personalizovana medicina analizuyuchi konnektom lyudini doslidniki zmozhut rozrobiti individualni metodi likuvannya nevrologichnih i psihichnih rozladiv Ce mozhe vklyuchati viyavlennya konkretnih modelej zv yazku yaki porusheni v danij lyudini i nacilyuvannya na ci shemi za dopomogoyu individualnogo likuvannya Rozuminnya lyudskoyi povedinki konnektom zabezpechuye plan nejronnih lancyugiv yaki lezhat v osnovi lyudskoyi povedinki Vivchayuchi konnektom doslidniki mozhut otrimati uyavlennya pro mehanizmi yaki keruyut riznimi aspektami povedinki vid prijnyattya rishen do socialnoyi vzayemodiyi Rozuminnya ta optimizaciya procesiv piznannya navchannya ta trenuvannya Zagalom zastosuvannya doslidzhennya konnektomiv ye shirokim i riznomanitnim sho maye naslidki dlya rozuminnya mozku ta rozrobki novih metodiv likuvannya ryadu nevrologichnih i psihichnih rozladiv Oskilki doslidzhennya konnektomiv prodovzhuyut prosuvatisya mi mozhemo ochikuvati she bilshe zahoplyuyuchih podij u cij galuzi v najblizhchi roki Aksoni yaki innervuyut m yazi vushnih rakovin u mishej RedaguvatiTermin konektom vzhivayetsya deyakimi doslidnikami dlya oznachennya karti zv yazkiv ne vsogo organizmu a jogo chastini Tak u 2009 roci bulo opublikovano doslidzhennya konektoma aksoniv yaki innervuyut mizhshitkovi m yazi vushnih rakovin mishej angl interscutularis muscle connectome Vlitku 2009 roku Nacionalnim Institutom Zdorov ya SShA buv zapochatkovanij proekt Konektom lyudini angl Human Connectome Project zi startovim finansuvannyam u 30 mln dolariv Div takozh RedaguvatiNejroplastichnist Nejronnij lancyug Nejronna merezha Klitinna nejronauka Sistemna nejronauka Obchislyuvalna nejronaukaLiteratura RedaguvatiKnigi Redaguvati Connectome how the brain s wiring makes us who we are 1st ed Seung Sebastian 2013 Boston Mariner Books ISBN 978 0 547 67859 7 Micro meso and macro connectomics of the brain Henry Kennedy David C Van Essen Yves Christen 2018 Springer Int ISBN 3 319 80214 3 Statti Redaguvati Pidbirka statej Konnektomika vid zhurnalu Neuron Cell Zhurnali Redaguvati Frontiers in Neural Circuits Neural Networks NeuroImage Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Cerebral Cortex Cortex Cognitive Systems Research Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Cognitive NeurodynamicsResursi Redaguvati Human Connectome Project Young Adult Amsterdam Open MRI Collection Harvard Brain Genomic Superstruct Project Konnektom C elegans NeuPRINT Fly Hemibrain Flywire cilij mozok muhi MICrONS Explorer korkovi dani mishi H01 Browser Release korkovi dani lyudini Primitki Redaguvati Seung Sebastian 2013 Connectome how the brain s wiring makes us who we are vid 1st Mariner books ed Boston Mariner Books ISBN 978 0 547 67859 7 OCLC 793326707 White JG Southgate E Thomson JN Brenner S 1986 The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Phil Trans Royal Soc London B 314 1 340 Cao Miao Huang Hao He Yong 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